Which of the following components are commonly found in systems to reduce water hammer effects?

The use of check valves and relief valves in systems designed to reduce water hammer effects is based on their ability to control the flow of fluid and relieve pressure spikes that lead to the sudden changes in velocity and pressure associated with water hammer. Water hammer occurs when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction abruptly, creating shock waves in the piping system that can cause noise, vibration, and potential damage.

Check valves help prevent backflow in systems, ensuring that water moves in one direction only. This unidirectional flow reduces the likelihood of pressure surges that can happen if water attempts to reverse its direction. Relief valves, on the other hand, are designed to open when pressure exceeds a predetermined limit, allowing excess fluid to escape and therefore preventing the buildup of pressure that contributes to water hammer.

In contrast, while pipes and elbows are essential components of any piping system, they do not have inherent properties that prevent water hammer; rather, they are part of the system where the phenomenon can occur. Pumps and compressors are primarily used to move fluid and may inadvertently contribute to pressure changes, while cylinders and filters serve different functions that do not directly mitigate the effects of water hammer. Thus, check valves and relief valves are specifically designed to address the dynamics of fluid