Shell, sleeve, or journal bearings typically have what kind of lining?

The correct choice is a white-metal alloy for the lining of shell, sleeve, or journal bearings, primarily due to its characteristics that are well-suited for these applications. White-metal alloys, which usually consist of tin, lead, and antimony, are known for their excellent properties of low friction, high resistance to wear, and good load-bearing capabilities.

This type of lining enables the bearings to work efficiently within their intended applications, providing smooth movement between parts and minimizing the wear and tear that can occur due to friction with metal components. Additionally, white-metal liners can conform slightly to the surfaces they contact, which helps in distributing the load more evenly and reducing the risk of localized damage.

Other materials listed, like copper alloy, plastic composite, and graphite lining, have their particular advantages in different applications, but they do not offer the same comprehensive benefits for high-load, high-speed conditions typical in shell or journal bearings as effectively as white-metal alloys do.